A multilevel analysis of the links between daily emotional labor, daily spiritual experiences, and daily stress during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic both necessitate and obstruct emotional regulation and coping mechanisms. Despite growing interest in the connection between stress and spirituality, multilevel studies addressing day-level variance to understand how spiritual experiences and emotional regulation are linked with stress during this unique situation are scarce. This study aims to analyze how daily spiritual experiences (DSE) and daily emotional labor (EL) connect with the daily stress levels of employees during the pandemic. DESIGN AND METHOD: Data collected from 132 employees for five consecutive workdays (660 d-level, 132 person-level responses) were analyzed via Hierarchical Linear Modeling. RESULTS: Multilevel analysis provided evidence for the negative association between DSE and daily stress. The "faking emotions" and "hiding emotions" dimensions of daily EL were positively and significantly related to daily stress, while the "deep acting" dimension demonstrated no significant relationship. There was no evidence for the moderator role of DSE in the relationship between daily EL and stress. CONCLUSION: The form of daily EL is crucial to understanding how it associates with daily stress. Although its buffering role on the adverse effects of EL is not significant, DSE directly relates to lower stress levels.

A Multilevel Investigation of the Effects of Daily Work-Family Interaction on Daily Affect During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This research aimed to examine the effects of daily work-family conflict and work-family enrichment on daily positive and negative affect levels of employees during the first phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. The multilevel structure of the research design makes this study original. 730 day-level data were collected from 146 respondents during five consecutive workdays. One week later, a larger survey was delivered for assessing the person-level variables. The results indicated that both forms of work-family conflict significantly decreased positive affect and increased negative affect. Both types of work-family enrichment significantly increased positive affect; but only daily work to family enrichment significantly decreased daily negative affect. Findings also revealed that positive affect levels of respondents increase while negative affect levels decrease with time. On the days employees worked from distance, lower levels of positive and negative affect were experienced.

A multilevel analysis of the effects of indoor activities on psychological wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic

The study aims to analyze the effects of indoor activities such as physical exercise, digital socializing, and digital gaming on the subjective wellbeing levels of individuals. Given the dynamic nature of the pandemic, to catch the day-level within individual variance (along with between individuals variance), the study adopts a multilevel approach where days are nested in people. 1950 day-level data are collected from 390 respondents for five consecutive days during the first phase of the pandemic (when there were strict social isolation policies) in Turkey. Results for partitioning variance components supported the necessity of using a multilevel approach. Findings of analysis conducted through hierarchical linear modeling demonstrated that day-level physical activity at home and digital socializing significantly alleviate daily negative affect and positively associate with day-level positive affect and happiness levels of respondents. These results were controlled for demographic variables, extraversion, and psychological resiliency. Extraversion was negatively, and psychological resiliency was positively related to day-level negative affect. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos de las actividades en interiores tales como el ejercicio físico, la socialización digital y los juegos digitales, en los niveles de bienestar subjetivo de las personas. Dada la naturaleza dinámica de la pandemia para capturar el nivel diario dentro de la varianza individual, el estudio adapta un enfoque multinivel donde los días se anidan en personas. Se recopilan 1950 datos diarios a partir de 390 encuestados durante 5 días consecutivos durante la primera fase de la pandemia (cuando había políticas estrictas de aislamiento social) en Turquía. Los resultados de la partición de los componentes de la varianza respaldaron la necesidad de utilizar un enfoque multinivel. Los resultados del análisis realizado a través de modelos lineales jerárquicos demostraron que la actividad física a nivel diurno en el hogar y la socialización digital alivian significativamente el afecto negativo diario y se asocia positivamente con el nivel diario de afecto positivo y los niveles de felicidad de los encuestados. Estos resultados fueron controlados por variables demográficas, extraversión y resiliencia psicológica. La extraversión fue negativa y la resiliencia psicológica se relacionó positivamente con el nivel diario de afecto negativo. (Spanish) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Anales de Psicología is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)